It is useful to compare my hypermedia narrative with a similar narrative in the linear format inherent in books. The Florentine Codex, eventually published under the title Historia general de las cosas de Nueva Espaa, appeared during a complex transition in Spanish language politics, when some priests began to urge that Nahuatl be made the official language of all of the indigenous peoples living in New Spain. 4. Songs are probably the oldest accounts documenting the defeat of the Mexicas. Karttunen, Frances. Back to the main History guide! Even the suggestions that Nahuatl become the official language represented a policy designed to further control local populations. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. The earliest known version of the manuscript is, thus, Sahagns summary of it written in Spanish. This searches internet sites for academic articles and books. Norman and London: The University of Oklahoma Press, 1994. The history of this document is illustrative of the problematic nature of these primary sources. Study Mexico City's history from the Aztec-Mexica cities Tenochtitln and Tlatelolco to the conquistadores, Khan Academy - Introduction to the Aztecs (Mexica), World History Encyclopedia - Aztec Civilization, Aztec - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Aztec - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), pre-Columbian civilizations: Aztec culture to the time of the Spanish conquest. Hassler, Peter. A. Valds, 1829. I was in agony for five days, for ten days, with my eyes fixed on the Region of the Mystery. Youre leaving natgeokids.com to visit another website! Trans. In the end, she offers little that is new. Alva Ixtilxochitl descended from the ruling family of Tezcoco. Note: I have set up living footnotes in the Web Site. 3 vols. A useful introduction into how to read the Florentine Codex. Trans. At the same time, if the priests understood local languages, they were better able to root out native religious heresies. This document is also known as The Manuscript of 1576. It is based on the same manuscript as Histoire de la nation mexicaine. By entering your email address you agree to our. Edited by Francisco del Paso y Troncoso. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center Publications and the University of California Press, 1991. Ask a parent or guardian to check it out first and remember to stay safe online. A group of indigenous people, the Tlaxcalans, who allied with the Spanish and massacred many of the Mexicas themselves, produced eighty paintings published in the mid-sixteenth century in a manuscript called El Lienzo de Tlaxcala. Topiltzin in the film, like many historical sons of caciques in sixteenth century New Spain, was sent to the priests to be taught to read and write in Spanish and to be indoctrinated in Catholicism. What are you doing? [http://www.public.iastate.edu/~python/pagan/aztec.html (6-14-2000)]. Painting the Conquest: The Mexican Indians and the European Renaissance. How Much Does the Public Value the Field of History and Historians Work? "Spanish and Nahuatl Views on Smallpox and Demographic Catastrophe in the Conquest of Mexico." An excellent introduction to Malinche and her role in the conquest of Mexico. Aztec culture was organized into city-states . Happily, the rich Latin American resources in Southern California make it feasible to examine multiple translations and editions of the sources for verification of precise language regardless of copyright. Brooks, Francis J. You have come here to sit on your throne, to sit under its canopy. Campbell, R. Joe, "Florentine Codex Vocabulary.". Believes the painting was destroyed when Corts house in Coyoacn caught fire. 1279 Words6 Pages. [Not put on-line]. Speeches of Motecuhzoma and Corts Karttunen, Frances. You're leaving our kids' pages to visit a page for grown-ups! Microfilm. Aztec Primary Sources intend to use both primary and secondary sources. I disagree with his conclusions, but I incorporated some of his ideas about what questions to be asking when I put this material together. An anonymous manuscript that Mexican historian Miguel Len-Portilla believes was written as early as 1528 from a Tlatelolco perspective. Discusses the history of codex production and explores European influences when Nahuatl was rendered into alphabetic script and the Nahuas began to learn European perspective drawing. Speeches of Motecuhzoma and Corts A collection of essays by a nineteenth century Mexican writer. NASAs Curiosity Rover spots a mouse on Mars. "The Aztec." Zarate, Martha. Speeches of Motecuhzoma and Corts Gruzinski, Serge. This packet includes 2 mini books, and several activities to learn about electricity, gasoline, batteries, the sun and wind. Herberholz, Donald and Herberholz, Barbara. Authorities in New Spain confiscated his manuscripts in 1575, and at various times, the Spanish monarchy ordered him to stop his work. Restall, Matthew. Obviously, this introduces its own problems of translation, which are divorced from the issues of translation addressed above. Unfortunately, very few pre-Conquest codices survived the Spanish Conquest and the destruction of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitln in 1521. Almost every element of this received account is false, epi-demiologically improbable, historiographically suspect, or logi-cally dubious. Updates? His account is, thus, one of the most complete from the Spanish perspective and covers the Spanish landing on the coast to Cortss fruitless trek over land to put down a rebellion in Honduras. ADVERTISEMENT. Like De Las Casas, Motolina saw himself as a protector of the indigenous peoples of New Spain and was horrified by the native populations high death rate during the conquest, as he estimated (probably erroneously) that half the population died in the 1520 epidemic. Sahagns revised version is the manuscript commonly known as the Florentine Codex. A brief, but useful biography of Father Sahagn. Does not circulate - request at Special Collections reception desk. Daz del Castillo, Bernal. explore and learn delivered straight to your inbox. An ethnologist at the University of Zurich questions the evidence that suggests that the Mexicas sacrificed thousands of human beings in religious rituals. A very useful introduction to thinking visually and interpreting art. The Conquistadores: First-Person Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico. Malinche's Conquest. Motolina, Fray Toribio de. Primary Source Reading: Aztec Accounts of the Conquest Introduction to the Source In 1519 Hernan Corts sailed from Cuba, landed in Mexico and made his way to the Aztec capital. Be sure to check if your parent or guardian is okay with this first. 1, edited.by Virginia Guedea and Jaime E. Rodriguez O. Mexico: Instituto Mora and the University of California, Irvine, 1992. Poliantea. Pupils will learn about how the Aztecs excelled at farming and agriculture, and what made them such good warriors in our National Geographic Kids' Aztec primary resource sheet. Tribes of hunters and gatherers, including a group of Chichimec under the leadership of Xlotl, took advantage of the situation and traveled from the arid plateau of northern Mexico toward the fertile, heavily settled central zone. The Aztecs (/ z t k s /) were a Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521. The four volumes reveal the friar's attempt to understand native culture, plants, medicine, and language by encouraging older men to draw in the traditional style of the Mexicas. 4 vols. The following information for mapping the resource documents to the school curriculum isspecifically tailored to theEnglish National CurriculumandScottish Curriculum for Excellence. This edition is, to my knowledge, the first published version of Daz del Castillos final version of his manuscript. An intelligent essay that reviews all of the existing evidence on the impact of disease, especially smallpox, on the conquest of Mexico. Many of the friars educating, controlling, and indoctrinating New Spain villages, thus, encouraged the natives to paint. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions. This latter Codex differs dramatically from the earlier Florentine Codex and rather flatters the Spanish. Thus, various personal translations of the Codex Florentino became my primary source for the Mexica account of the conquest. Meyer, Michael C., Sherman, William L., and Deeds, Susan M. The Course of Mexican History. Primary Source: Aztec Accounts of the Conquest, 1520 In 1519 Hernan Corts sailed from Cuba, landed in Mexico and made his way to the Aztec capital. El Lienza de Tlaxcala . Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1998. by D. Jourdanet et Remi Simon. Entitled Historia de los Indios de la Nueva Espaa, this manuscript can be found in the Escorial, Spain. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. Primary sources are firsthand accounts of people present at an event. Youre leaving natgeokids.com to visit another website! During this time the Aztecs, who, according to legend, had been wandering in search of a new place to settle, established a precarious home near the ruins of Tula. Todorov, Tzvetan. These images generate even more questions about whose vision is represented in them, since the Tlaxcalans backed the Spanish without hesitation and produced their paintings to impress the Spanish monarchy with their loyalty to Spain. Microfilm. Microfilm. Our lords, they are completely unarmed!. Authorities disagree over how early the Nahuas adopted the Spanish alphabet to render Nahuatl into a written language to produce their own codices or written accounts of the conquest. This volume was most useful for its Atlas and illustrations. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992. Quiroz, Bernardino de Jesus, trans. Explores issues of gender and sexuality in the conquest. The Aztec account of the conquest of Mexico is found in Book XII of the Florentine Codex. Which Sources of the Past Are Viewed as Trustworthy? One needs to have at least some visual literacy as well as understand the conventions used in the Nahuas paintings. Aztec Religion Sources Source: https://pixabay.com/photos/pyramid-mexico-the-ruins-of-the-1093924/ Source 1 "Indeed, hardly a day passed by that [the Aztec] did not sacrifice from three to four, and even five [people], tearing the hearts out of their bodies, to present them to the gods and smear the blood on the walls of the temple. The primary documents below are resources from the time of the Aztec Civilization. The journey has tired you, but now you have arrived on the earth. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Mxico: Impr. "Language and Empire: The Vision of Nebrija.". Primary Sources . Contains some interesting images from the codices critical of de Alvardo. [http://www.loyno.edu/history/journal/1995-6/rosa.htm (6-14-2000)]. Maya Conquistador. Paris: Fayard, 1990. by. Most useful was the chapter on the historical iconography of Malintzin. Miguel Leon Portilla, a Mexican anthropologist, gathered accounts by the Aztecs, some of which were written shortly after the conquest. The Catholic Encyclopiedia. Miguel Leon Portilla, a Mexican anthropologist, gathered accounts by the Aztecs, some of which were written shortly after the conquest. [http://www.hist.umn.edu/~mccaa/vircatas/vir6.htm (6-13-2000)]. In carrying out his investigation, McCaa has done an interesting exegesis on the various primary sources on the conquest, which I used here. The Conquest of America. An English translation of the Cdice Florentine. [See, Histoire de la nation mexicaine]. La Rosa suggested that in spite of Spanish efforts to force all of the indigenous Americans to speak Spanish, many priests found it in their interests to learn the multiple languages spoken in the region. Sacrifice was a common theme in the Aztec culture. An excellent Web site put together by Thomas H. Frederiksen. Mxico: Oficina tipogrfica de la Secretara de fomento, 1902. Sixth Edition. The Memoirs of the Conquistador Bernal Daz del Castillo. De J. M. Andrade y F. Escalante, 1867, 1880. According to Mexica mytho-historical textual sources (written down in the early colonial period), they finally witnessed the sign on an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco in the year 1325. . We allowed the Captain to return to the city in peace. The Mexicas had conquered much of what is now modern-day Mexico, and many of those conquered people spoke their language, Nahuatl, so that not all Nahuatl-speaking natives were Mexicas. Did not put documents from this book on-line. La Malinche in Mexican Literature: From History to Myth. 4 vols. Modern History Sourcebook: A Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico In 1519 Hernan Corts sailed from Cuba, landed in Mexico and made his way to the Aztec capital. What Have the Publics History Education Experiences Been Like? On the second day they began to sing again, but without warning they were all put to death. Extremely useful in putting this project together. Ask a parent or guardian to check it out first and remember to stay safe online. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico. By far, the most important is the Florentine Codex. In the Aztec "Legend of the Five Suns", all the gods sacrificed themselves so that mankind could live.Some years after the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, a body of the Franciscans confronted the remaining Aztec priesthood and demanded, under threat of death, that they desist from this traditional . Fordham University provides a list of links to online primary sources from the modern era. Ed. The section on Library ResearchAztec Codices was especially useful in putting together this annotated bibliography of primary sources. McCaa, Robert. We do this to improve browsing experience and to show personalised ads. Cites a biography of Rodrigo de Cifuentes that notes that Corts commissioned the artist to paint a portrait of Doa Marina in 1523. These cookies allow us to target other information on our website, like advertising, towards your interests. " Encounters in the New World: A History in Documents by Jill Lepore Call Number: E59.F53 E53 2000 ISBN: 0195154916 Fifteen Poets of the Aztec World by Miguel Leon-Portilla Call Number: Online - EBSCO This slaughter in the Sacred Patio went on for three hours. You're leaving our kids' pages to visit a page for grown-ups! An online academic database used by universities worldwidethat isa superb resourcefor History students. We have wanted to see him for a long time, and now we have seen his face and heard his words. You will receive our UK newsletter. In effect, they are witnesses of the event, in this case, of the conquest of Mexico. The kings who have gone before, your representatives, guarded it and preserved it for your coming. If only they can see what I see! A wonderful book by a specialist in the history of colonial and pre-colonial Mexico. It is interesting to compare her linear approach to the juxtaposition of sources with what I have done using hypermedia. Classic account of the history of the conquest that is very sympathetic to the Spaniards. Discoverfascinatingfacts about Aztec life. "Sightings: Initial Nahua Reactions to Spanish Culture." Get uplifting news, exclusive offers, inspiring stories and activities to help you and your family An analysis and critique of how Cortz, Daz del Castillo, and indigenous sources constructed their narratives. To view full articles, you will require membership. La guerre des images: de Christophe Colomb "Blade Runner": (1492-2019). Seville: Sebastian Trugillo, 1552. The editor of this volume believes that some of these songs pre-date the conquest, but others are icnocuicatl or songs of sorrow lamenting the destruction of Tenochititln. from Spanish into English by Lysander Kemp. Corts replied in his strange and savage tongue, speaking first to La Malinche: Tell Motecuhzoma that we are his friends. This book just appeared as I was finishing this project. Though the quality of her site is outstanding, I believe that my site demonstrates the powerful advantages offered by hypermedia. Mxico: Editorial Nueva Imagen, 1978. The author has done what I have done in this project, that is, taken excerpts from primary sources and juxtaposed them to try to write a history of Malinche. The home features carpet in both bedrooms . Xlotls Chichimec joined forces with the remaining Toltecs, resulting in a period of relative peace and cultural progress in the Valley of Mexico. These cookies help us record anonymous data about how people are using our website. Although this book was originally written in the late sixteenth century, it is extremely useful in understanding the documents from Tlaxcala. 6. by John Ingram Lockhart. Huitzilopochtli is born from Coatlicue in full armor. Daz del Castillo, Bernal. Rest now, and take possession of your royal houses. "Christian Morality Revealed in Spain: The Inimical Woman in Book Ten of the Florentine Codex," Journal of Women's History, 10. Mxico: Impr. What Are the Publics Attitudes toward a Changing and Uncomfortable Past? 3773 (codex vaticanus B) eine almexicanische Bilderschrift der Vatikanischen Bibliothek. Hassler believes the Spaniards invented the sacrifice stories. Gordon, Helen H. Voice of the Vanquished: The Story of the Slave Marina and HernnCorts. Of Things of the Indies: Essays Old and New in Early Latin American History. [http://www.coe.ufl.ecu/courses/edtech/vault/SS/mexico2/Lesson5.htm (6-13-2000)]. The name Aztec is derived from Aztln (variously translated as White Land, Land of White Herons, or Place of Herons), an allusion to their origins, probably in northwestern Mexico. He was also reacting against an account published by Cortss secretary, Francisco Lpez de Gmara, who published an account that seemed to give Corts all of the credit for the conquest. The origin of the Aztec people is uncertain, but elements of their own tradition suggest that they were a tribe of hunters and gatherers on the northern Mexican plateau before their appearance in Mesoamerica in perhaps the 12th century ce; Aztln, however, may be legendary. Barcelona: Biblioteca Clsica Espaola, 1887. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. "The Worlds of the Renaissance: Projects: Malinche: The Identity of an Indian Woman in the Conquest.". Less useful than The Aztec, but a good site with useful general information. Hence, there are two copies of it. Ancient World; Middle Ages, 476-1450. I have met you face to face! He published the book in Spain to obtain sympathy for the indigenous populations of New Spain. These cookies help us record anonymous data about how people are using our website. 36 (Summer 1995): 218-232. Where were they found? But messengers came to tell them to dress the figure of Huitzilopochtli. I have seen you at last! A collection of online articles and news reports about the Aztecs. [http://www.svhe.pdx.edu/summerinstitute/projects1998/escribano/malinche.html(6-13-2000)]. A small monograph that argues the significance of translation and the role of Aguilar and Doa Marina in the Spanish conquest. The Spaniards initially insisted on forcing the indigenous populations to speak Spanish, a policy that was wholly unsuccessful. [My translation]. Mxico: Biblioteca Nacional de Antropologa e Historia, 1987. When Motecuhzoma [Montezuma] had given necklaces to each one, Corts asked him: Are you Motecuhzoma? A rather snippy critique of cultural studies approaches to history, but has an interesting chapter on some of the cultural studies approaches to the conquest of Mexico. Corrections? Anales de Tlatelolco, unos annals histricos de la nacin mexicana y Cdice de Tlatelolco. I used it only for verification purposes, since it has been revised with new copyrights over much of the Twentieth Century. What were they known for? An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl (Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992. Berlin: Druck von Gebr. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997. An interesting collection of lesser known narratives of the conquest that add an additional dimension and helps to clarify the documents used here. Additionally, it has useful links to other sites devoted to the indigenous populations of New Spain. La Rosa, Zhenja. It is possible that their migration southward was part of a general movement of peoples that followed, or perhaps helped trigger, the collapse of the highly developed Toltec civilization of central Mexico and its capital, Tula, a spectacular urban centre that featured pyramids, temples, public buildings, and statuary. In short, many local languages were spoken in New Spain, but Nahuatl might have been the most common given the Mexicas previous colonization of the region. B. Lippincott Company, c. 1873. 5.0. Useful in thinking about which accounts to juxtapose in this project. "The Aztecs/Mexicas." [Note of clarification: I am using the word Mexicas to refer to the people who controlled Tenochtitlan when the Spaniards arrived in 1519. My one concession is to have in places slightly modified awkward language from the nineteenth century renditions of it where I deemed it to have no historical significance. [My translation]. Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican people groups (Aztecs, Mixtecs, and Mayans, e.g.) Unger, 1902. Be sure to check if your parent or guardian is okay with this first. Lanyon, Anna. It can still be found in the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenzianna in Florence, Italy. The Despatches of Hernando Cortes, the Conqueror of Mexico, Addressed to the Emperor Charles V, Written during the Conquest, and Containing a Narrative of Its Events. explore and learn delivered straight to your inbox. Compares Spanish and indigenous accounts of the conquest. Daz del Castillos account is, thus, at least partially an attempt to describe the conquest as a heroic battle fought by courageous soldiers against fierce warriors. You have come to your city, Mexico. There are many images which accompany the text. Overmyer-Velzquez, Rebecca. The sentries from Tenochtitlan stood at one side of the gate, and the sentries from Tlatelolco at the other. These people are not carrying shields or macanas. Santa Fe, New Mexico: School of American Research, 1900. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. A copy of it is available in the Los Angeles County Public Library. Are You Thinking of a Career in Secondary Schools? By entering your email address you agree to our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy and will receive emails from us about news, offers, activities and partner offers. "The primary sources feature artifacts such as the Inca quipu, or knotted counting cords, the Maya sacred calendar, and the Aztec Sun Stone. Boston: Bedford/St. : University Editions, 1995. Miguel Leon Portilla, a Mexican anthropologist, gathered accounts by the Aztecs, some of which were written shortly after the conquest. It is plausible that Fray Diego de Durn may have supervised the preparation of this manuscript, and it was published in 1867 as Historia de las Indias de Nueva-Espaa y isles de Tierra Firme with Durn as the author. Eighth Edition. Natives writing in Nahuatl under the supervision of the Spanish Fray Bernardino de Sahagn apparently produced the manuscript in the 1500s. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behaviour or unique IDs on this site. Can there be a better way to understand how history is produced than by writing ones own history by using these tough to interpret documents? Fuentes, Patricia de, ed. All Aztecs, Maya & Inca primary resources, By entering your email address you agree to our. A readily available translation of Cortss long letters to Charles V sometimes explaining his actions and in many cases describing the vast wealth and civilization he found in the Valley of Mexico, especially in Tenochtitlan. This is the volume that prompted Bernal Daz del Castillo to write his true history. The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. Only Daz del Castillos treats Mexico. One is housed in the Royal Library of Berlin; the other, in the Bibliothque National in Paris. In other words, just because a manuscript was written in Nahuatl does not necessarily mean that it represented the Mexica point of view, itself an enormous insight into the complex politics of pre-colonial Mexico. Initially, the Spaniards believed that Castilian Spanish was the only way to transmit Catholicism, so that a major objective of colonial policy became instructing the natives in Spanish and religion. Lpez de Gmara, Francisco. Alvarado, Pedro de (defendant). Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behaviour or unique IDs on this site. A French translation of the Cdice Florentine, which was useful for text but contained no illustrations. Mxico: B. Costa-Amic Editor, 1975. If only they are watching! Youre leaving natgeokids.com to visit another website! The noble class consisted of government and military leaders, high level priests, and lords (tecuhtli). McCaa, Robert. All Aztecs, Maya & Inca primary resources, By entering your email address you agree to our. The people were protected by their swords and sheltered by their shields. N.p., n.p., 1890. Still others simply disappeared without being published or preserved. Madrid: Fototipia de Hauser y Menet, 1905. Many historians would accept only Don Hernn Cortss letters to King Charles V as genuine primary sources, since they were written by the Spanish conqueror in his native language at the time he was battling the Mexicas. A natural response to the multiple catastrophes befalling the colonial-era Aztecs would have been despair. During this time, the people asked Motecuhzoma how they should celebrate their gods fiesta. The Aztec system of human sacrifice has drawn the attention of historians and ethnographers for more than a century. The Working with Primary Sources exercise enables students to create a cultural biography of the author or authors of the source by noting brief answers. English Translations of Nahuatl Words Used in the Codex. Paris: A. Chaix, 1866. The codex richly illustrated many battles and encounters between the Spanish, the Mexicas, and other indigenous peoples. The film begins with Motecuhzoma IIs fictional son, Topiltzin, writing a codex to expose Spanish brutality and to preserve the historical memory of the Mexicas. With each victory Aztec rulers demanded tribute from defeated . Extremely useful in understanding how to read the Nahuass manuscripts. This is a spacious patio home with several modern updates! Well researched book based on Spanish archives and other sources. These images are quite different from those found in the Florentine Codex. The Tezcocanos, like the Tlaxcalans, fought along side of the Spaniards against the Mexicas, which, after the fact, makes this an extremely important document. Mexican Manuscript Painting of the Early Colonial Period: The Metropolitan Schools. Historia general de las cosas de Nueva Espaa. Sources, and Populations Embedded in the received story of the "Conquest of Mexico" are two questionable asser-tions. Colonial Latin America - Modern History Sourcebook. There they built a temple and, around it, on islands in Lake Texcoco, the first dwellings of what was to become the powerful city of Tenochtitln. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995. The resource includes information on: Aztec gods, rulers, priests, temples, the Aztec empire and Aztec calendars. Prior to the arrival of the Spanish, the indigenous populations wrote in a pictographic style and used paintings as vehicles for writing history. History of the Conquest of Mexico. [My translation]. Boston: Beacon Press, 1998. To avoid student confusion, I also standardized the spelling of names and places across sources even though they differed in the original documents. [http://iupjournals.org/jwh/jwh10-2.html (6-12-2000)]. The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. Muoz Camargo, Diego de. Too general to be of much use except for his account of the massacre in Cholula. These cookies are required to make our website work! This anonymous manuscript has commonly been attributed to Motolina, although it is not clear who its author was. What Aspects of the Past Does the Public Want to Learn More About? Durn, Fray Diego de. It also contains a facsimile of the Codice Aubin. Dover Publications. This History primary resource introduces children to Aztec civilization. [My translation]. Garber, Elizabeth. Avery, Margaret Campbell. By entering your email address you agree to our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy and will receive emails from us about news, offers, activities and partner offers. It often only provides one or two pages, but it is often enough to find quotes and bibliographical details. It is a translated version of the Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis, Latin for "Little Book of the Medicinal Herbs of the Indians".